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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfCzBLoaDVs.

28/05/2015

COMPETITION ENTRY.

We are looking for people interested in make wool into the beautiful cloth and accessories, if you consider you  have creativity, plenty time, disposition, you are a responsible and punctual person let us know.

Write to us,  describing all the aptitudes you have in order to make part of this task force.

People good at making wool into beautiful cloth and accessories. 

 My name is leney ortiz. I am 22 years old, and I think I have the necessary knowledge to make part of this task force because of my experience working with wool, I know all the process to make wool into different type of clothes and accessories, besides I have made lots of things such as blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting and so on all of them using wool, furthermore and taking into account my qualities, I am a responsible, punctual, honest and hard work woman, I have been working the wool for  five years, I really  have put a lot of work into that. In the same way it is important to say that I have participated in different competitions of accessories made of wool in which I have been the winner.

One of the most relevant experiences for me in this field making wool into cloth was, three years ago, when the leader of one of the most important company in Colombia  called to me,  in order to show him not only  all the  products made from wool but also the process used to obtain a good quality of it.

BY: ORTIZ LENEY

27/05/2015-

HOW WE MAKE WOOL INTO BEAUTIFUL CLOTHS AND ACCESSORIES.

 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

 The unemployment affects the majority of the Colombians people. This situation has been a serious problem that causes the poverty and the inequality in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE:

To enrich the knowledge of the persons when dealing with the management of the wool and its use in the manufacture of cloths and accessories.

 DESIGN:

While some of the characteristics of wool can be altered through genetic engineering of sheep, most of the modifications of design are implemented during the manufacturing of the fabric. Wool can be blended with any number of natural or synthetic fibers, and various finishes and treatments can also be applied.

Different types of fleece are used in producing wool. Lambs' wool is fleece that is taken from young sheep before the age of eight months. Because the fiber has not been cut, it has a natural, tapered end that gives it a softer feel. Pulled wool is taken from animals originally slaughtered for meat and is pulled from the pelt using various chemicals. The fibers of pulled wool are of low quality and produce a low-grade cloth. Virgin wool is wool that has never been processed in any manner before it goes into the manufacturing phase. This term is often misunderstood to mean higher quality, which is not necessarily the case.

These wools and others can be used in the production of two categories of woolen fabrics: woolens and worsteds. Woolens are made up of short, curly fibers that tend to be uneven and weak. They are loosely woven in plain or indistinct patterns. Usually woolens have a low thread count and are not as durable as worsteds. They do, however, make soft, fuzzy, and thick fabrics that are generally warmer than their counterparts.

The deep wrinkles on imported A-type Merino ewes (left) and rams (right) contributed to increased wool yields per sheep for American wool producers.

The deep wrinkles on imported A-type Merino ewes (left) and rams (right) contributed to increased wool yields per sheep for American wool producers.

The mechanization of the woolen cloth industry provides a heady example of the extent of nineteenth-century industrial change. Every step of the process, except shearing the sheep and sorting the wool into different grades, was mechanized between 1790 and 1890. Only the organic aspects of shearing live animals and the value judgments required of human sorters resisted mechanical replication until the twentieth century.

Growth of the American woolen trade was based on more than mechanical change, however. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, American sheep provided wool that was quite satisfactory for "homespun," the rough, durable cloth woven by hand on looms owned by professional weavers who set up shop or moved from town to town with their looms. But domestic cloth was overshadowed in quality by imported material.

Several varieties of sheep bred in England and Europe produced wool vastly superior in quality to American-produced wool. The importation of breeds such as the English Southdowns and Spanish Merinos improved domestic quality and allowed the American woolen industry to compete with the best imports.

FINISHING

7 After weaving, both worsteds and woolens undergo a series of finishing procedures including: fulling (immersing the fabric in water to make the fibers interlock); crabbing (permanently setting the interlock); decating (shrink-proofing); and, occasionally, dyeing. Although wool fibers can be dyed before the carding process, dyeing can also be done after the wool has been woven into fabric.

BYPRODUCTS

The use of waste is very important to the wool industry. Attention to this aspect of the business has a direct impact on profits. These wastes are grouped into four classes:

The spun wool yarn is woven into fabric using two basic weaves: the plain weave and the twill weave. Woolen yarns are made into fabric using a plain weave (rarely a twill), which produces a fabric of a somewhat looser weave and a soft surface (due to napping) with little or no luster. The napping often conceals flaws in construction. Worsted yarns can create fine fabrics with exquisite patterns using a twill weave. The result is a more tightly woven, smooth fabric. Better constructed, worsteds are more durable than woolens and therefore more costly.

The spun wool yarn is woven into fabric using two basic weaves: the plain weave and the twill weave. Woolen yarns are made into fabric using a plain weave (rarely a twill), which produces a fabric of a somewhat looser weave and a soft surface (due to napping) with little or no luster. The napping often conceals flaws in construction.

Worsted yarns can create fine fabrics with exquisite patterns using a twill weave. The result is a more tightly woven, smooth fabric. Better constructed, worsteds are more durable than woolens and therefore more costly.

Noils. These are the short fibers that are separated from the long wool in the combing process. Because of their excellent condition, they are equal in quality to virgin wool. They constitute one of the major sources of waste in the industry and are reused in high-quality products.

Soft waste. This is also high-quality material that falls out during the spinning and carding stages of production. This material is usually reintroduced into the process from which it came.

Hard waste. These wastes are generated by spinning, twisting, winding, and warping. This material requires much re-processing and is therefore considered to be of lesser value.

Finishing waste. This category includes a wide variety of clippings, short ends, sample runs, and defects. Since this material is so varied, it requires a great deal of sorting and cleaning to retrieve that which is usable. Consequently, this material is the lowest grade of waste.

QUALITY CONTROL

Most of the quality control in the production of wool fabrics is done by sight, feel, and measurement. Loose threads are removed with tweezer-like instruments called burling irons; knots are pushed to the back of the cloth; and other specks and minor flaws are taken care of before fabrics go through any of the finishing procedures.

In 1941, the United States Congress passed the Wool Products Labeling Act. The purpose of this act was to protect producers and consumers from the unrevealed presence of substitutes and mixtures in wool products. This law required that all products containing wool (with the exception of upholstery and floor coverings) must carry a label stating the content and percentages of the materials in the fabric.

This act also legally defined many terms that would standardized their use within the industry. Some of the key terms identified in the Act are:

Wool. Refers to new wool. Can also include new fiber reclaimed from scraps and broken threads.

Repossessed Wool. Material that is obtained from scraps and clips of new woven or felted fabrics made of previously unused wool.

Reused Wool. Wool obtained from old clothing and rags that have been used or worn.

THE FUTURE

The current widespread use and demand for wool is so great that there is little doubt that wool will continue to maintain its position of importance in the fabric industry. Only a major innovation that encompasses the many attributes of wool—including it warmth, durability, and value—could threaten the prominence of this natural fiber.

 BY: LENEY XIOMARA ORTIZ CALDERON 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wA9-p0DGsE

WHAT IS A PROPOSAL?

A proposal is a statement of purpose that is presented for someone's acceptance. It intends to persuade that person to fund your project.

• It states the problem, or analyses the situation.
• It offers a plan, with clearly stated goals, objectives, and strategies for solving the problem.
• It makes a plea for the resources needed to accomplish the plan.
• It demonstrates probable success; that is, it shows that you are capable of doing what you say you will. It offers a pledge that you will show by certain specified measures that you have accomplished what you said you would.

HOW TO WRITE A PROPOSAL?

Here is the general sequence in which the elements are typically prepared:

• Problem statement.
• Goals and objectives.
• Research design and procedures (Methodology).
• Evaluation.
• Future funding.
• Dissemination.
• Budget, time table, personnel.
• Introduction.
• Title (cover) page.
• Abstract.
• Appendices.
• Table of contents.

10 STEPS TO WRITING AN ACADEMIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL

1. Determining the general topic;

2. Performing a Literature review on the topic;

3. Identifying a gap in the literature;

4. Identifying a problem highlighted by the gap in the literature and framing a purpose for the study;

5. Writing an Introduction to the study;

6. Framing research hypotheses and or research questions to investigate or guide the study;

7. Determine the method of investigation

8. Outline the research design

9. Define the Sample size and the characteristics of the proposed sample;

10. Describe the procedures to follow for data collection and data analyses.

DETERMINE A GENERAL TOPIC

The first step in writing an academic research proposal is to identify a general topic or subject area to investigate. Usually this first point is the easiest because the research proposal will be tied to the overall theme of a course. In such a case, the general subject for investigation is normally determined by a professor who is leading the class, the school's department chair, or academic advisory committee.

PERFORM A LITERATURE REVIEW

The next step is to read as much literature on the general subject matter as time will allow. While you read the literature it is advised to take copious notes and then summarize the purpose and findings of each study relevant to the general subject matter of the eventual research proposal.

IDENTIFY A GAP IN THE LITERATURE

The general purpose of the literature review is not to have notes on a whole bunch of different journal articles and books on a particular subject. The purpose is to understand what studies have already been done on the subject and then to identify any glaring gaps in the literature. Identifying gaps in the literature will open up opportunities to add to the body of knowledge within the general subject area.

For instance, both Kimura and Coggins found that servant leadership is actively admired and taught in the Cambodian Christian community which makes up only a small percentage of the Cambodian population. However, no one has yet investigated attitudes towards servant leadership in the non-Christian Cambodian community which makes up over 90% of the population. This is an obvious gap in the literature.

IDENTIFY A PROBLEM AND FRAME A PURPOSE STATEMENT

After you have performed the literature review and hopefully identified an obvious gap in the literature, next you need to identify a problem related to the gap and frame a purpose statement as to why you are investigating what you propose and why other should care about the study. If your readers cannot answer the question so what? Or your answer the question why should I care? Then it may be interesting to you, but not relevant to anyone else.

WRITE AN INTRODUCTION

After you have identified a pertinent problem and framed a purpose statement, then you need to craft an introduction. Among other things, the introduction to the proposal will include The Problem Statement A brief summary of the literature A brief description of the gap in the literature A Purpose statement as to why you are proposing the study and why others should care about the subject matter tied to your research proposal.

DETERMINE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND OR RESEACH QUESTIONS

Next, you need to identify and craft carefully defined research hypotheses and or research questions. Research hypotheses identify what you are actually going to investigate and what you expect to find from your research study. Research hypotheses are normally found in quantitative research proposals which compare differences and/or relationships between independent variables (or causes of phenomena) and dependent variables (or the effects that result from causes). Research questions are normally found in qualitative research studies. Most importantly, in good academic writing, research hypotheses and questions must be informed or flow from the literature review.

DETERMINE THE METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

The method section is the second of the two main parts of the research proposal. In good academic writing it is important to include a method section that outlines the procedures you will follow to complete your proposed study. The method section generally includes sections on the following: Research design; Sample size and characteristics of the proposed sample; Data collection and data analysis procedures

DETERMINE THE RESEARCH DESIGN

The next step in good academic writing is to outline the research design of the research proposal. For each part of the design, it is highly advised that you describe two or three possible alternatives and then tell why you propose the particular design you chose. For instance, you might describe the differences between experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs before you elaborate on why you propose a non-experimental design.

DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THESAMPLE

In this section of your research proposal, you will describe the sample size and the characteristics of the participants in the sample size. Describe how you determined how many people to include in the study and what attributes they have which make them uniquely suitable for the study.

DETERMINE THE DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSISPROCEDURES

The last section highlighted in this hub is the data collection and analysis procedures. In this section you will describe how you propose to collect your data e.g. through a questionnaire survey if you are performing a quantitative analysis or through one-on-one interviews if you are performing a qualitative or mixed methods study .After you collect the data, you also need to follow a scheme as how to analyse the data and report the results. In a quantitative study you might run the data through Excel or better yet SPSS and if you are proposing a qualitative study you might use a certain computer program like ATLAi. To perform a narrative study or grounded theory study that exposes the main themes from the proposed interviews.